作者:NetSeek http://www.linuxtone.org(IT运维|集群架构|性能调优)
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大纲:
一、系统安装
二、编译安装基本环境
三、配置虚拟主机及基本性能调优
四、基本安全设置
五、附录及相关介绍
一、系统安装
1. 分区
/boot 100M左右
SWAP 物理内存的2倍(如果你的物理内存大于4G以上,分配4G即可)
/usr/local 15G (用于安装软件)
/data 剩余所有空间
2. 系统初始化脚本(根据具体需求关闭不需要的服务)
- #vi init.sh
- -------------------cut begin-------------------------------------------
- #welcome
- cat << EOF
- +--------------------------------------------------------------+
- | === Welcome to Centos System init === |
- +--------------http://www.linuxtone.org------------------------+
- +----------------------Author:NetSeek--------------------------+
- EOF
- #disable ipv6
- cat << EOF
- +--------------------------------------------------------------+
- | === Welcome to Disable IPV6 === |
- +--------------------------------------------------------------+
- EOF
- echo "alias net-pf-10 off" >> /etc/modprobe.conf
- echo "alias ipv6 off" >> /etc/modprobe.conf
- /sbin/chkconfig --level 35 ip6tables off
- echo "ipv6 is disabled!"
- #disable selinux
- sed -i '/SELINUX/s/enforcing/disabled/' /etc/selinux/config
- echo "selinux is disabled,you must reboot!"
- #vim
- sed -i "8 s/^/alias vi='vim'/" /root/.bashrc
- echo 'syntax on' > /root/.vimrc
- #zh_cn
- sed -i -e 's/^LANG=.*/LANG="zh_CN.GB18030"/' /etc/sysconfig/i18n
- #tunoff services
- #--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- cat << EOF
- +--------------------------------------------------------------+
- | === Welcome to Tunoff services === |
- +--------------------------------------------------------------+
- EOF
- #---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- for i in `ls /etc/rc3.d/S*`
- do
- CURSRV=`echo $i|cut -c 15-`
- echo $CURSRV
- case $CURSRV in
- crond | irqbalance | microcode_ctl | network | random | sendmail | sshd | syslog | local | mysqld )
- echo "Base services, Skip!"
- ;;
- *)
- echo "change $CURSRV to off"
- chkconfig --level 235 $CURSRV off
- service $CURSRV stop
- ;;
- esac
- done
- -------------------cut end-------------------------------------------
- #sh init.sh (执行上面保存的脚本,仍后重启)
复制代码 二、编译安装基本环境
1. 安装准备
1) 系统约定
软件源代码包存放位置 /usr/local/src
源码包编译安装位置(prefix) /usr/local/software_name
脚本以及维护程序存放位置 /usr/local/sbin
MySQL 数据库位置 /data/mysql/data(可按情况设置)
Apache 网站根目录 /data/www/wwwroot(可按情况设置)
Apache 虚拟主机日志根目录 /data/www/logs(可按情况设置)
Apache 运行账户 www:www
2) 系统环境部署及调整
检查系统是否正常
# tail -n100 /var/log/messages (检查有无系统级错误信息)
# dmesg (检查硬件设备是否有错误信息)
# ifconfig(检查网卡设置是否正确)
# ping www.linuxtone.org (检查网络是否正常)
3) 使用 yum 程序安装所需开发包(以下为标准的 RPM 包名称)
#rpm --import http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5
#yum install ntp vim-enhanced gcc gcc-c++ gcc-g77 flex bison autoconf automake bzip2-devel \
ncurses-devel zlib-devel libjpeg-devel libpng-devel libtiff-devel freetype-devel libXpm-devel \
gettext-devel pam-devel kernel
4) 定时校正服务器时钟,定时与中国国家授时中心授时服务器同步
# crontab -e
加入一行:
15 3 * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 210.72.145.44 > /dev/null 2>&1
2. 编译安装软件包
源码编译安装所需包(Source)
1) GD2
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xzvf gd-2.0.35.tar.gz
# cd gd-2.0.35
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/gd2
# make
# make install
2) LibXML2
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xjvf libxml2-2.6.29.tar.bz2
# cd libxml2-2.6.29
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/libxml2
# make
# make install
3) LibMcrypt
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xjvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.bz2
# cd libmcrypt-2.5.8
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/libmcrypt
# make
# make install
4) Apache日志截断程序
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xzvf cronolog-1.6.2.tar.gz
# cd cronolog-1.6.2
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/cronolog
# make
# make install
3. 升级OpenSSL和OpenSSH
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xzvf openssl-0.9.8g.tar.gz
# cd openssl-0.9.8g
# ./config --prefix=/usr/local/openssl
# make
# make test
# make install
# cd ..
# tar xzvf openssh-5.0p1.tar.gz
# cd openssh-5.0p1
# ./configure \
"--prefix=/usr" \
"--with-pam" \
"--with-zlib" \
"--sysconfdir=/etc/ssh" \
"--with-ssl-dir=/usr/local/openssl" \
"--with-md5-passwords"
# make
# make install
1) 禁用 SSH V1 协议
找到#Protocol 2,1改为:Protocol 2
2) 禁用服务器端GSSAPI
找到以下两行,并将它们注释:
GSSAPIAuthentication yes
GSSAPICleanupCredentials yes
3) 禁用 DNS 名称解析
找到:#UseDNS yeas改为:UseDNS no
4)禁用客户端 GSSAPI
# vi /etc/ssh/ssh_config 找到:GSSAPIAuthentication yes 将这行注释掉。
最后,确认修改正确后重新启动 SSH 服务
# service sshd restart
# ssh -v
确认 OpenSSH 以及 OpenSSL 版本正确。
以上SSH配置可利用以下脚本自动修改:
- -------------------cut begin-------------------------------------------
- #init_ssh
- ssh_cf="/etc/ssh/sshd_config"
- sed -i -e '74 s/^/#/' -i -e '76 s/^/#/' $ssh_cf
- sed -i "s/#UseDNS yes/UseDNS no/" $ssh_cf
- #client
- sed -i -e '44 s/^/#/' -i -e '48 s/^/#/' $ssh_cf
- echo "ssh is init is ok.............."
- -------------------cut end---------------------------------------------
复制代码 三、编译安装A.M.P环境
1.下载软件编译安装
1)下载软件
# cd /usr/local/src
httpd-2.2.8.tar.gz
mysql-5.0.51b.tar.gz
php-5.2.6.tar.bz2
ZendOptimizer-3.3.3-linux-glibc23-i386.tar.gz
2) 安装MySQL
查看分析你的CPU型号:
http://gentoo-wiki.com/Safe_Cflags 查找您的GCC编译参数.
确定系统CPU类型:
# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "model name"
执行后会看到系统中CPU的具体型号,记下CPU型号。
# tar zxvf mysql-5.0.51b.tar.gz
# cd mysql-5.0.51b
# vi mysql.sh
- -------------------cut begin-------------------------------------------
- CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
- CFLAGS="-march=prescott -O2 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
- CXXFLAGS="${CFLAGS}"
- ./configure \
- "--prefix=/usr/local/mysql" \
- "--localstatedir=/data/mysql/data" \
- "--with-comment=Source" \
- "--with-server-suffix=-LinuxTone" \
- "--with-mysqld-user=mysql" \
- "--without-debug" \
- "--with-big-tables" \
- "--with-charset=gbk" \
- "--with-collation=gbk_chinese_ci" \
- "--with-extra-charsets=all" \
- "--with-pthread" \
- "--enable-static" \
- "--enable-thread-safe-client" \
- "--with-client-ldflags=-all-static" \
- "--with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static" \
- "--enable-assembler" \
- "--without-isam" \
- "--without-innodb" \
- "--without-ndb-debug"
- make && make install
- mkdir -p /data/mysql/data
- useradd mysql -d /data/mysql -s /sbin/nologin
- /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
- cd /usr/local/mysql
- chown -R root:mysql .
- chown -R mysql /data/mysql/data
- cp share/mysql/my-huge.cnf /etc/my.cnf
- cp share/mysql/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
- chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
- chkconfig --add mysqld
- /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld start
-
- cd /usr/local/mysql/bin
- for i in *; do ln -s /usr/local/mysql/bin/$i /usr/bin/$i; done
- -------------------cut end---------------------------------------------
复制代码 #sh mysql.sh 即可开始编译.
3) 编译安装Apache
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar zxvf httpd-2.2.8.tar.gz
# cd httpd-2.2.8
- # ./configure \
- "--prefix=/usr/local/apache2" \
- "--with-included-apr" \
- "--enable-so" \
- "--enable-deflate=shared" \
- "--enable-expires=shared" \
- "--enable-rewrite=shared" \
- "--enable-static-support" \
- "--disable-userdir"
- # make
- # make install
- # echo '/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start ' >> /etc/rc.local
复制代码 4.)编译安装PHP
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xjvf php-5.2.6.tar.bz2
# cd php-5.2.6
- # ./configure \
- "--prefix=/usr/local/php" \
- "--with-apxs2=/usr/local/apache2/bin/apxs" \
- "--with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php/etc" \
- "--with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql" \
- "--with-libxml-dir=/usr/local/libxml2" \
- "--with-gd=/usr/local/gd2" \
- "--with-jpeg-dir" \
- "--with-png-dir" \
- "--with-bz2" \
- "--with-freetype-dir" \
- "--with-iconv-dir" \
- "--with-zlib-dir " \
- "--with-openssl=/usr/local/openssl" \
- "--with-mcrypt=/usr/local/libmcrypt" \
- "--enable-soap" \
- "--enable-gd-native-ttf" \
- "--enable-memory-limit" \
- "--enable-ftp" \
- "--enable-mbstring" \
- "--enable-exif" \
- "--disable-ipv6" \
- "--disable-cgi" \
- "--disable-cli" #禁掉ipv6,禁掉cli模式,提升速度和安全性.
- # make
- # make install
- # mkdir /usr/local/php/etc
- # cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini
复制代码 5)Xcache的安装.
#tar zxvf xcache-1.2.2.tar.gz
- #/usr/local/php-fcgi/bin/phpize
- ./configure --enable-xcache --enable-xcache-coverager --with-php-config=/usr/local/php/bin/php-config \
- --enable-inline-optimization --disable-debug
复制代码 #vi /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini (将以下内容加入php.ini最后面)
- -------------------cut begin-------------------------------------------
- [xcache-common]
- zend_extension = /usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/xcache.so
-
- [xcache.admin]
- xcache.admin.user = "admin"
- ;如何生成md5密码: echo -n "password"| md5sum
- xcache.admin.pass = "035d849226a8a10be1a5e0fec1f0f3ce" #密码为52netseek
- [xcache]
- ; Change xcache.size to tune the size of the opcode cache
- xcache.size = 24M
- xcache.shm_scheme = "mmap"
- xcache.count = 4
- xcache.slots = 8K
- xcache.ttl = 0
- xcache.gc_interval = 0
-
- ; Change xcache.var_size to adjust the size of variable cache
- xcache.var_size = 8M
- xcache.var_count = 1
- xcache.var_slots = 8K
- xcache.var_ttl = 0
- xcache.var_maxttl = 0
- xcache.var_gc_interval = 300
- xcache.test = Off
- xcache.readonly_protection = On
- xcache.mmap_path = "/tmp/xcache"
- xcache.coredump_directory = ""
- xcache.cacher = On
- xcache.stat = On
- xcache.optimizer = Off
- [xcache.coverager]
- xcache.coverager = On
- xcache.coveragedump_directory = ""
- -------------------cut end---------------------------------------------
复制代码 6) 安装Zend Optimizer
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xzvf ZendOptimizer-3.3.3-linux-glibc23-i386.tar.gz
# ./ZendOptimizer-3.3.3-linux-glibc23-i386/install.sh
安装Zend Optimizer过程的最后不要选择重启Apache。
2. 整合Apache与PHP及系统初化配置.
1)整合Apache与PHP
# vi /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf
找到:
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
在该行下面添加
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
找到:
<IfModule dir_module>
DirectoryIndex index.html
</IfModule>
将该行改为
<IfModule dir_module>
DirectoryIndex index.html index.htm index.php
</IfModule>
找到:
#Include conf/extra/httpd-mpm.conf
#Include conf/extra/httpd-info.conf
#Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf (虚拟主机配置文件存放目录.)
#Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf
去掉前面的“#”号,取消注释。
注意:以上 4 个扩展配置文件中的设置请按照相关原则进行合理配置!
修改完成后保存退出。
# /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl restart
2)查看确认L.A.M.P环境信息、提升 PHP 安全性
在网站根目录放置 info.php 脚本,检查phpinfo中的各项信息是否正确。
<?php
phpinfo();
?>
确认 PHP 能够正常工作后,在 php.ini 中进行设置提升 PHP 安全性,禁掉危险的函数.
# vi /etc/php.ini找到:disable_functions =设置为:phpinfo,passthru,exec,system,chroot,scandir,chgrp,chown,shell_exec,proc_open,proc_get_status,ini_alter,ini_alter,ini_restore,dl,pfsockopen,openlog,syslog,readlink,symlink,popepassthru,stream_socket_server
3)脚本自动完成初始化配置(以上配置可以用脚本自动化完成)
#cat init_apache_php.sh
- -------------------cut begin-------------------------------------------
- #!/bin/bash
- #Written by :NetSeek http://www.linuxtone.org
- #init_httpd.conf
- http_cf="/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf"
- sed -i -e "s/User daemon/User www/" -i -e "s/Group daemon/Group www/" $http_cf
- sed -i -e '121 s/^/#/' -i -e '122 s/^/#/' $http_cf
- sed -i 's#DirectoryIndex index.html index.htm# DirectoryIndex index.phpindex.html index.htm#/g' $http_cf
- sed -i -e '374 s/^#//g' -i -e '389 s/^#//g' -i -e '392 s/^#//g' -i -e '401 s/^#//g' $http_cf
- #init_php(PHP安全设置及隐藏PHP版本)
- php_cf="/usr/local/php/etc/php.ini"
- sed -i '205 s#;open_basedir =#open_basedir = /data/www/wwwroot:/tmp#g' $php_cf
- sed -i '210 s#disable_functions =#disable_functions = phpinfo,passthru,exec,system,chroot,scandir,chgrp,chown,shell_exec,proc_open,proc_get_status,ini_alter,ini_alter,ini_restore,dl,pfsockopen,openlog,syslog,readlink,symlink,popepassthru,stream_socket_server#g' $php_cf
- sed -i '/expose_php/s/On/Off/' $php_cf
- sed -i '/display_errors/s/On/Off/' $php_cf
- -------------------cut end-------------------------------------------
复制代码 三、配置虚拟主机及基本性能调优
1) 配置虚拟主机:
#vi /usr/local/apache2/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf
- NameVirtualHost *:80
- <VirtualHost *:80>
- ServerAdmin cnseek@gmail.com
- DocumentRoot "/data/www/wwwroot/linuxtone.org"
- ServerName www.linuxtone.org
- ServerAlias bbs.linxutone.org
- ErrorLog "logs/dummy-host.example.com-error_log"
- CustomLog "|/usr/sbin/cronolog /data/logs/access_www.linuxtone.org.%Y%m%d" combined
- </VirtualHost>
复制代码 2).基本性能调优参考:(更多的调优相关文章请关注:http://bbs.linuxtone.org/index.html性能调优相关的贴子)
#vi /usr/local/apache2/conf/extra/httpd-default.conf
- Timeout 15
- KeepAlive Off
- MaxKeepAliveRequests 50
- KeepAliveTimeout 5
- UseCanonicalName Off
- AccessFileName .htaccess
- ServerTokens Prod
- ServerSignature Off
- HostnameLookups Off
复制代码 #vi /usr/local/apache2/conf/extra/httpd-mpm.conf
- <IfModule mpm_prefork_module>
- ServerLimit 2000
- StartServers 10
- MinSpareServers 10
- MaxSpareServers 15
- MaxClients 2000
- MaxRequestsPerChild 10000
- </IfModule>
复制代码 3).Apache日志处理相关问题汇总贴(http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-102-1-1.html)
利用awstats分析网站日志:http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-56-1-1.html
忽略不需要的日志配置参考具体请据据具体问题分析:
LogFormat "%{X-Forwarded-For}i %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
#下面加入如下内容:
- # filter the localhost visit
- SetEnvIf Remote_Addr "127\.0\.0\.1" dontlog
- # filter some special directories
- SetEnvIf Request_URI "^ZendPlatform.*$" dontlog
- SetEnvIf Request_URI \.healthcheck\.html$ dontlog
- SetEnvIf Remote_Addr "::1" dontlog
- SetEnvIf Request_URI "\.getPing.php$" dontlog
- SetEnvIf Request_URI "^/error\.html$" dontlog
- SetEnvIf Request_URI "\.gif$" dontlog
- SetEnvIf Request_URI "\.jpg$" dontlog
- SetEnvIf Request_URI "\.css$" dontlog
复制代码 4). Apache防盗链(Apache防盗链相关问题汇总:http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-101-1-1.html)
- RewriteEngine on
- RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$
- RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://(www\.)?mydomain.com/.*$ [NC]
- RewriteRule \.(gif|jpg)$ http://网站域名/nolink.png [R,L]
复制代码 四、基本安全设置
1)iptables 封锁相关端口(推荐读CU白金大哥的两小时玩转iptables)
2)SSH全安(修改SSH端口限制来源IP登陆,或者参考http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-106-1-1.html)
3)Linux防Arp攻击策略(http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-41-1-1.html)
4)注意(还是那句老话:安全工作从细节做起!)
五、附录及相关介绍
1)参考文档(感谢):
Discuz!公司Nanu先生文章的相关链接:
http://bbs.linuxpk.com/thread-13325-1-2.html
https://discuz.dismall.com/thread-722804-1-1.html
配置全能WEB(05年文章参考):http://bbs.linuxpk.com/thread-437-1-2.html
LinuxTone.Org(Apache相关问题专题贴):http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-88-1-1.html
1)利用Nginx替代apache实现高性能的Web环境(第一版): http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-7-1-1.html
第二版详细安全配置近期更新,请实时关注:http://bbs.linuxtone.org/(网站服务器版)
2)关于LinuxTone.Org(IT运维专家论坛):
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